项目名称：人造纳米材料的生物安全性研究及解决方案探索
项目编号：2006CB705600
项目领域：综合交叉
第一承担单位：国家纳米科学中心
开始日期：2006-09-01
预计完成日期：2011-08-31
概述：
　　    进入21世纪以来，纳米科技发展迅猛，大规模生产的纳米材料已经在近千种消费品和工业产品中广泛使用。然而，最近发现，由于纳米尺度上物质的特殊性质，它们对人类健康有可能带来严重损害。如何驾驭纳米科技，使之造福而不伤害人类，既是科学界面临的挑战，也已成为各国政府前沿科技发展战略与健康安全的国家需求。
    项目的预期目标：从纳米科技整体发展的国家需求出发，选择在我国大规模生产的典型纳米材料作为研究对象，从分子、细胞、器官到整体生物水平上，系统地揭示纳米材料与生命过程相互作用的共性规律，发展纳米安全生物效应预测模型，探索纳米安全性问题解决方案，获得具有国际影响力的重大成果，为国家纳米科技整体发展所急需的安全性和国际竞争力提供有力保障。
    项目拟解决的关键科学问题有：(1) 生物屏障对纳米颗粒的防御能力。研究不同特性的纳米颗粒与主要生物屏障相互作用的基本规律，揭示纳米颗粒进入体内的关键途径和机制。(2) 进入体内的纳米颗粒在生物体内的特殊行为。研究在各种体液环境下纳米颗粒的动态变化及其引发的生物体内局部微环境的变化，及其与疾病的关联。(3) 特殊生物化学行为所导致的纳米毒理学效应。建立体内纳米颗粒的实时、定量探测的创新性方法。研究不同纳米颗粒、不同剂量、不同暴露途径下的毒代动力学、引发的机体应激反应、作用靶器官的变化等。(4) 纳米毒理学效应机制与纳米特性的关系。以重要的纳米特性参数为变量，研究到纳米颗粒与靶细胞、靶分子的相互作用规律。(5)纳米安全性模型或半经验模型。建立我国第一个纳米安全性数据资料汇编，并向国内纳米企业开放；研究纳米生物效应数值分析方法，研究构建纳米安全性模型或半经验模型。探索能否实现纳米生物效应的预测，是最终解决安全性问题的关键之一。
    项目设立7个课题：(1) 纳米颗粒穿越生物屏障进入体内的能力与机制；(2)纳米颗粒产生的特殊毒理学效应及其靶器官选择性；(3) 纳米颗粒的靶细胞选择性、其细胞毒理学效应及其与纳米特性的相关性；(4) 纳米颗粒的靶分子选择性、其分子毒理学效应及其与纳米特性的相关性；(5) 纳米安全性研究中的创新方法学；(6) 纳米材料安全性解决方案探索；(7) 纳米安全性数据汇编和评估、纳米生物效应数值分析方法或纳米安全性分析模型的建立。
    With the rapid development of nanosciences and nanotechnology, diverse types of manufactured nanomaterials have been currently utilized in thousands consume products to improve their performance of pristine functions, or completely create novel functions, such as industrial products, semiconductors, electronics, stain-resistant clothing, ski wax, catalysts, other commodity products such as food, sunscreens, cosmetics, automobile parts, etc. They will also be increasingly utilized in medicines for purposes of clinic therapy, diagnosis, and drug delivery. However, recent studies on the biological impacts of nanomaterials show signs that some of the nanoparticles exhibit unforeseen toxicity to living organisms, and some nanomaterials may become potentially harmful sources that possibly cause vitally new injury to the human health. Accordingly, how to develop nanotechnology safely? This has already become a big challenge for both scientists and governments worldwide. 
    China has established the Lab. for Bio-Environmental Health Sciences of Nanoscale Materials, where scientists conduct multidisciplinary study on the biological effects of nanomaterials such as recognization, identification and quantification of hazards resulting from exposure to nanomaterials and the public health aspects of nanoparticles in air, water, other parts of the environment, foods, and nanodrugs, by assimilating knowledge and techniques of nanoscience, toxicology, medicine, life sciences, chemistry and physics, etc.
    The objectives of the project are to meet the national demands of development of the whole nanotechnology, we hence select typical nanomaterials (that have a large-scale production in China) as research objects, and systematically study the interactions of nanoparticles with biological systems from diverse levels including the bio-molecular, cellular, organ, to a whole body levels, in order to (1) reveal the commonness of the their interactions and consequence, (2) develop the predicting model for biological effects of nanomaterials, (3) explore the solution to the nanosafety issues, etc. 
    The project mainly aims to understand the following key issues. (1) The ability of nanoparticles breaking through the biological defense systems: Study on the basic law of interactions between nanoparticles and the biological barriers, and to reveal that through what path and how nanoparticles can enter the human body; (2) What the nanoparticles do after entering the human body, i.e., their biological activities in vivo; (3) ADME and toxicity of nanoparticles in vivo; (4) Relationship between the nanotoxicity and nanosized characterizations; (5) Modeling for prediction of biological safety of nanomaterials, etc.   
    The project includes seven research themes. (1) Nanoparticles breaking through biological barriers; (2) The biological activities, ADME-Tox, and target organ selectivity of nanoparticles; (3) The cellular nanotoxicity and target cell selectivity of nanoparticles, and their nano-characters dependence; (4) The molecular nanotoxicity and target molecule selectivity of nanoparticles, and their nano-characters dependence; (5) Innovative methodology for nanotoxicological studies; (6) Solutions for nanosafety issues; (7) Nanosafety database and the nanosafety modeling.